Post by Master Kim on Jun 24, 2015 12:12:55 GMT -5
Hodgkin's lymphoma - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkin%27s_lymphoma
Micrograph of Hodgkin lymphoma, abbreviated HL. Lymph node FNA specimen. Field stain. The micrograph shows a mixture of cells common in HL: Eosinophils. Reed-Sternberg cells. Plasma cells. Histocytes.
Lymph node biopsy showing Hodgkin's lymphoma, mixed-cellularity type
CT image of a 46-year-old patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma, image at neck height. On the left side of the patient's neck enlarged lymph nodes are visible (marked in red).
Stage 1 Hodgkin's lymphoma
Stage 2 Hodgkin's lymphoma
Stage 3 Hodgkin's lymphoma
Stage 4 Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's lymphoma or Hodgkin's disease, is a type of lymphoma, in which cancer originates from white blood cells called lymphocytes.
A history of infectious mononucleosis due to infection by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) may increase risk of HL, but the precise contribution of Epstein–Barr virus remains largely unknown. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the orderly spread of disease from one lymph node group to another and by the development of systemic symptoms with advanced disease. When Hodgkins cells are examined microscopically, multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cells (RS cells) are the characteristic histopathologic finding.
Hodgkin lymphoma may be treated with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with the choice of treatment depending on the age and sex of the patient and the stage, bulk, and histological subtype of the disease. The overall five-year survival rate in the United States for 2004–2010 is 85%. There have been many cases of individuals living >40 years after diagnosis. However, few studies follow people as long as 25 years, and those studies are of older treatments with more life-threatening adverse effects. There is insufficient data available about the long-term outcomes of newer, less-toxic regimens and ones which limit radiation exposure. Radiation treatments, and some chemotherapy drugs, pose a risk of causing potentially fatal secondary cancers, heart disease, and lung disease 40 or more years later. Modern treatments greatly minimise the chances of these late effects.
The disease occurrence shows two peaks: the first in young adulthood (age 15–35) and the second in those over 55 years old. It was named after Thomas Hodgkin, who first described abnormalities in the lymph system in 1832.
Signs and symptoms
Patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma may present with the following symptoms:
Micrograph of Hodgkin lymphoma, abbreviated HL. Lymph node FNA specimen. Field stain. The micrograph shows a mixture of cells common in HL: Eosinophils. Reed-Sternberg cells. Plasma cells. Histocytes.
Lymph node biopsy showing Hodgkin's lymphoma, mixed-cellularity type
CT image of a 46-year-old patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma, image at neck height. On the left side of the patient's neck enlarged lymph nodes are visible (marked in red).
Stage 1 Hodgkin's lymphoma
Stage 2 Hodgkin's lymphoma
Stage 3 Hodgkin's lymphoma
Stage 4 Hodgkin's lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's lymphoma or Hodgkin's disease, is a type of lymphoma, in which cancer originates from white blood cells called lymphocytes.
A history of infectious mononucleosis due to infection by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) may increase risk of HL, but the precise contribution of Epstein–Barr virus remains largely unknown. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the orderly spread of disease from one lymph node group to another and by the development of systemic symptoms with advanced disease. When Hodgkins cells are examined microscopically, multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cells (RS cells) are the characteristic histopathologic finding.
Hodgkin lymphoma may be treated with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with the choice of treatment depending on the age and sex of the patient and the stage, bulk, and histological subtype of the disease. The overall five-year survival rate in the United States for 2004–2010 is 85%. There have been many cases of individuals living >40 years after diagnosis. However, few studies follow people as long as 25 years, and those studies are of older treatments with more life-threatening adverse effects. There is insufficient data available about the long-term outcomes of newer, less-toxic regimens and ones which limit radiation exposure. Radiation treatments, and some chemotherapy drugs, pose a risk of causing potentially fatal secondary cancers, heart disease, and lung disease 40 or more years later. Modern treatments greatly minimise the chances of these late effects.
The disease occurrence shows two peaks: the first in young adulthood (age 15–35) and the second in those over 55 years old. It was named after Thomas Hodgkin, who first described abnormalities in the lymph system in 1832.
Signs and symptoms
Patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma may present with the following symptoms:
- Lymph nodes: the most common symptom of Hodgkin's is the painless enlargement of one or more lymph nodes, or lymphadenopathy. The nodes may also feel rubbery and swollen when examined. The nodes of the neck and shoulders (cervical and supraclavicular) are most frequently involved (80–90% of the time, on average). The lymph nodes of the chest are often affected, and these may be noticed on a chest radiograph.
- Itchy skin
- Night sweats
- Unexplained weight loss
- Splenomegaly: enlargement of the spleen occurs in about 30% of people with Hodgkin's lymphoma. The enlargement, however, is seldom massive and the size of the spleen may fluctuate during the course of treatment.
- Hepatomegaly: enlargement of the liver, due to liver involvement, is present in about 5% of cases.
- Hepatosplenomegaly: the enlargement of both the liver and spleen caused by the same disease.
- Pain following alcohol consumption: classically, involved nodes are painful after alcohol consumption, though this phenomenon is very uncommon, occurring in only two to three percent of people with Hodgkin's lymphoma, thus having a low sensitivity. On the other hand, its specificity is high enough for it to be regarded as a pathognomonic sign of Hodgkin lymphoma. The pain typically has an onset within minutes after ingesting alcohol, and is usually felt as coming from the vicinity where there is an involved lymph node. The pain has been described as either sharp and stabbing or dull and aching.
- Back pain: nonspecific back pain (pain that cannot be localised or its cause determined by examination or scanning techniques) has been reported in some cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma. The lower back is most often affected.
- Red-coloured patches on the skin, easy bleeding and petechiae due to low platelet count (as a result of bone marrow infiltration, increased trapping in the spleen etc.—i.e. decreased production, increased removal)
- Systemic symptoms: about one-third of patients with Hodgkin's disease may also present with systemic symptoms, including low-grade fever; night sweats; unexplained weight loss of at least 10% of the patient's total body mass in six months or less, itchy skin (pruritus) due to increased levels of eosinophils in the bloodstream; or fatigue (lassitude). Systemic symptoms such as fever, night sweats, and weight loss are known as B symptoms; thus, presence of fever, weight loss, and night sweats indicate that the patient's stage is, for example, 2B instead of 2A.
- Cyclical fever: patients may also present with a cyclical high-grade fever known as the Pel-Ebstein fever, or more simply "P-E fever". However, there is debate as to whether the P-E fever truly exists.
- Nephrotic syndrome can occur in individuals with Hodgkin's lymphoma and is most commonly caused by minimal change disease.
Based on Ascetic Saahm's formula #3, Quenching Heart, subdue LU10, LI5, ST41, SP2, SI5, BL60, and LR2.